Archive for the 'Automotive' Category
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September 11, 2023
汽车中央交换机： 汽车进化的最新进展
By Amir Bar-Niv, VP of Marketing, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell
When you hear people refer to cars as “data centers on wheels,” they’re usually thinking about how an individual experiences enhanced digital capabilities in a car, such as streaming media on-demand or new software-defined services for enhancing the driving experience.
But there’s an important implication lurking behind the statement. For cars to take on tasks that require data center-like versatility, they need to be built like data centers. Automakers in conjunction with hardware makers and software developers are going to have to develop a portfolio of highly specialized technologies that work together, based around similar architectural concepts, to deliver the capabilities needed for the software-defined vehicle while at the same time keeping power and cost to a minimum. It’s not an easy balancing act.
Which brings us to the emergence of a new category of products for the zonal architecture, specifically zonal and the associated automotive central Ethernet switches. Today’s car networks are built around domain localized networks: speakers, video screens and other infotainment devices link to the infotainment ECU, while powertrain and brakes are part of the body domain, and ADAS domain is based on the sensors and high-performance processors. Bandwidth and security can be form-fitted to the application.
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July 19, 2023
Marvell 加入 Imec 汽车小芯片计划，促进超人类传感的计算 SoC
By Willard Tu, Associate VP, Product Marketing – Automotive Compute, Marvell
Marvell is excited to announce that we’ve joined the automotive chiplet initiative coordinated by imec, a world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics and digital technologies. Imec has formed an informal ecosystem of leading companies from multiple automotive industry segments to address the challenge of bringing multi-chiplet compute modules to the automotive market.
The goal of imec’s automotive chiplet initiative is to address the design challenges that arise from ever-increasing data movement, processing, storage and security requirements. These demands complicate the automotive manufacturers’ desire for scalable performance to address different vehicle classes, while reducing costs and development time and ensuring consistent quality, reliability and safety.
And these demands will be made even more intense by the coming era of super-human sensing. The fusion of data from multi-spectral cameras (visible and infrared), radar and LiDAR will enable “vision” beyond human capability. Such sensor fusion will be a critical requirement for safe autonomous driving.
Source: imec presentation at ITF World, May 2023 -
January 04, 2023
软件定义车辆的软件定义网络
By Amir Bar-Niv, VP of Marketing, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell and John Heinlein, Chief Marketing Officer, Sonatus and Simon Edelhaus, VP SW, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell
The software-defined vehicle (SDV) is one of the newest and most interesting megatrends in the automotive industry. As we discussed in a previous blog, the reason that this new architectural—and business—model will be successful is the advantages it offers to all stakeholders:
- The OEMs (car manufacturers) will gain new revenue streams from aftermarket services and new applications;
- The car owners will easily upgrade their vehicle features and functions; and
- The mobile operators will profit from increased vehicle data consumption driven by new applications.
What is a software-defined vehicle? While there is no official definition, the term reflects the change in the way software is being used in vehicle design to enable flexibility and extensibility. To better understand the software-defined vehicle, it helps to first examine the current approach.
Today’s embedded control units (ECUs) that manage car functions do include software, however, the software in each ECU is often incompatible with and isolated from other modules. When updates are required, the vehicle owner must visit the dealer service center, which inconveniences the owner and is costly for the manufacturer.
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December 13, 2022
Marvell 加入 SOAFEE 和 Autoware 基金会，推进软件定义车辆架构
By Willard Tu, Associate VP, Product Marketing – Automotive Compute, Marvell
I’m excited to share that Marvell is now a member of two leading automotive technology organizations: the Scalable Open Architecture for Embedded Edge (SOAFEE) and the Autoware Foundation. Marvell’s participation in these organizations’ initiatives demonstrates its continued focus and investment in the automotive market. The new memberships follow the company’s 2021 announcement of its Brightlane™ automotive portfolio, and reflect Marvell’s expanding automotive silicon initiative.
SOAFEE, founded by Arm, is an industry-led collaboration defined by automakers, semiconductor suppliers, open source and independent software vendors, and cloud technology leaders. The collaboration intends to deliver a cloud-native architecture enhanced for mixed-criticality automotive applications with corresponding open-source reference implementations to enable commercial and non-commercial offerings.
As a member of SOAFEE, Marvell will access the SOAFEE architecture standards to help streamline development from cloud to deployment at the vehicle. This will enable faster time to market for the Marvell Brightlane automotive portfolio.
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November 17, 2022
必不可少： 汽车互联互通史的过去和未来
By Amir Bar-Niv, VP of Marketing, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell and Mark Davis, Senior Director, Solutions Marketing, Marvell
In the blog, Back to the Future – Automotive network run at speed of 10Gbps, we discussed the benefits and advantages of zonal architecture and why OEMs are adopting it for their next-generation vehicles. One of the biggest advantages of zonal architecture is its ability to reduce the complexity, cost and weight of the cable harness. In another blog, Ethernet Camera Bridge for Software-Defined Vehicles, we discussed the software-defined vehicle, and how using Ethernet from end-to-end helps to make that vehicle a reality.
While in the near future most devices in the car will be connected through zonal switches, cameras are the exception. They will continue to connect to processors over point-to-point protocol (P2PP) links using proprietary networking protocols such as low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS), Maxim’s GMSL or TI’s FPD-Link.
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November 03, 2022
与汽车黑客的竞赛正在加速
By Hari Parmar, Senior Principal Automotive System Architect, Marvell
“In your garage or driveway sits a machine with more lines of code than a modern passenger jet. Today’s cars and trucks, with an internet link, can report the weather, pay for gas, find a parking spot, route around traffic jams and tune in to radio stations from around the world. Soon they’ll speak to one another, alert you to sales as you pass your favorite stores, and one day they’ll even drive themselves.
While consumers may love the features, hackers may love them even more.”
The New York Times, March 18, 2021
Hacking used to be an arcane worry, the concern of a few technical specialists. But with recent cyberattacks on pipelines, hospitals and retail systems, digital attacks have suddenly been thrust into public consciousness, leading many to wonder: are cars at risk, too?
Not if Marvell can help it. As a leading supplier of automotive silicon, the company has been intensely focused on identifying and securing potential vulnerabilities before they can remotely compromise a vehicle, its driver or passengers.
Unfortunately, hacking cars isn’t just theoretical – in 2015, researchers on a laptop commandeered a Jeep Cherokee 10 miles away, shutting off power, blasting the radio, turning on the AC and making the windshield wipers go berserk. And today, seven years later, millions more cars – including most new vehicles – are connected to the cloud. -
October 05, 2022
设计节能芯片
By Rebecca O'Neill, Global Head of ESG, Marvell
Today is Energy Efficiency Day. Energy, specifically the electricity consumption required to power our chips, is something that is top of mind here at Marvell. Our goal is to reduce power consumption of products with each generation for set capabilities.
Our products play an essential role in powering data infrastructure spanning cloud and enterprise data centers, 5G carrier infrastructure, automotive vehicles, and industrial and enterprise networking. When we design our products, we focus on innovative features that deliver new capabilities while also improving performance, capacity and security to ultimately improve energy efficiency during product use.
These innovations help make the world’s data infrastructure more efficient and, by extension, reduce our collective impact on climate change. The use of our products by our customers contributes to Marvell’s Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions, which is our biggest category of emissions.
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September 28, 2022
Marvell Brightlane Technology 携手 OMNIVISION 合作伙伴亮相 AutoSens 布鲁塞尔展会
By Katie Maller, Senior Manager, Public Relations, Marvell
Building on our leadership in Ethernet camera bridge technology, Marvell is excited to work with OMNIVISION and to have been a part of their automotive demonstrations at the recent AutoSens Brussels event. OMNIVISION, a leading global developer of semiconductor solutions, partnered with Marvell to demonstrate its OX03F10 (image sensor) and OAX4000 (image signal processor) with our industry first multi-gigabit Ethernet camera bridge, the Marvell® Brightlane™ 88QB5224.
The combined solutions allow camera video that would otherwise be transported via point-to-point protocol to be encapsulated over Ethernet, thereby integrating cameras into the Ethernet-based in-vehicle network. The solutions work with both interior and exterior cameras and are ideal for SVS and other applications in which numerous cameras are utilized and the output of those cameras is used by multiple subsystems or zones.
“Ethernet is the foundation of the software-defined vehicle. By using the Ethernet camera bridge from our Brightlane automotive portfolio to connect cameras to the zonal Ethernet switch, the cameras are integrated into the end-to-end, in-vehicle network,” said Amir Bar-Niv, vice president of marketing for Marvell’s automotive business unit. “Standard Ethernet features such as security, switching, and synchronization are now available to the camera system, and a simple software update is all that’s required when porting the system from one automobile model to another. Shorter runs to the zonal switches reduce the cable cost and weight, as well.”
The demonstrations in the OMNIVISION booth were well received at AutoSens Brussels, an annual event that brings together leading engineers and technical experts from across the ADAS and autonomous vehicle supply chain.
To learn more about Marvell’s Ethernet Camera Bridge technology, also check out this blog.
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April 18, 2022
用于软件定义车辆的以太网摄像机桥接
By Amir Bar-Niv, VP of Marketing, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell
Automotive Transformation
Smart Car and Data Center-on-wheels are just some of the terms being used to define the exciting new waves of technology transforming the automotive industry and promising safer, greener self-driving cars and enhanced user experiences. Underpinning it all is a megatrend towards Software-defined Vehicles (SDV). SDV is not just a new automotive technology platform. It also enables a new business model for automotive OEMs. With a software-centric architecture, car makers will have an innovation platform to generate unprecedented streams of revenue from aftermarket services and new applications. For owners, the capability to receive over-the-air software updates for vehicles already on the road – as easily as smartphones are updated – means an automobile whose utility will no longer decline over time and driving experiences that can be continuously improved over time.
这篇博客是一系列博客中的第一篇，这一系列博客将讨论实现 SDV 未来的系统的基本组件。
Road to SDV is Paved with Ethernet
A key technology to enable SDVs is a computing platform that is supported by an Ethernet-based In-Vehicle network (IVN). An Ethernet-based IVN provides the ability to reshape the traffic between every system in the car to help meet the requirements of new downloaded applications. To gain the full potential of Ethernet-based IVNs, the nodes within the car will need to “talk” Ethernet. This includes devices such as car sensors and cameras. In this blog, we discuss the characteristics and main components that will drive the creation of this advanced Ethernet-based IVN, which will enable this new era of SDV.
But first let’s talk about the promises of this new business model. For example, people might ask, “how many new applications can possibly be created for cars and who will use them?” This is probably the same question that was asked when Apple created the original AppStore, which started with dozens of new apps, and now of course, the rest is history. We can definitely learn from this model. Plus, this is not going to be just an OEM play. Once SDV cars are on the road, we should expect the emergence of new companies that will develop for the OEMs a whole new world of car applications that will be aligned with other megatrends like Smart City, Mobility as a Service (MaaS), Ride-hailing and many others.
A New Era of Automotive Innovation
Let us now fast forward to the years 2025 to 2030 (which in the automotive industry is considered ‘just around the corner.’) New cars that are designed to support higher level of driver assist systems (ADAS) include anywhere between 20 to 30 sensors (camera, radar, lidar and others). Let’s imagine two new potential applications that could utilize these sensors:
Application 1: “Catch the Car Scratcher” - How many times have we heard of, or even been in, this situation? Someone scratches your car in the parking lot or maliciously scratches your car with a car key. What if the car was able to capture the face of the person or license plate number of the car that caused the damage? Wouldn’t that be a cool feature an OEM could provide to the car owner on demand? If priced right, it most likely could become a popular application. The application could use the accelerometers, and potentially a microphone, to detect the noise of scratching, bumping or hitting the car. Once the car identifies the scratching or bumping, it would activate all of the cameras around the car. The car would then record the video streams into a central storage. This video could later be used by the owner as necessary to recover repair costs through insurance or the courts.
Application 2: “Break-in Attempt Recording” - In this next application, when the system detects a break-in attempt, all internal and external cameras record the video into central storage and immediately upload it to the cloud. This is done in case the car thief tries to tamper with the storage later. In parallel, the user gets a warning signal or alert by phone so they can watch the video streams or even connect to the sound system in the car and scare the thief with their own voice.
We will examine these scenarios more comprehensively in a follow up blog, but these are just two simple examples of the many possible high-value automotive apps that an Ethernet-based IVN can enable in the software-defined car of the future.
Software-Defined Network
Ethernet network standards comprise a long list of features and solutions that have been developed over the years to address real network needs, including the mitigation of security threats. Ethernet was initially adopted by the automotive industry in 2014 and it has since become the dominant network in the car. Once the car’s processors, sensors, cameras and other devices are connected to each other via Ethernet (Ethernet End-to-End), we can realize the biggest promise of SDV: the capability to reprogram the in-vehicle network and adapt its main characteristics to new advanced applications. This capability is called In-Vehicle Software-Defined Networking, or in short, In-vehicle SDN.
Figure 1 shows the building blocks for In-Vehicle SDN that enable SDV.
Figure 1 – Ethernet and SDN as building blocks for SDV
Ethernet features enable four key attributes that are key for SDV: Flexibility, Scalability, Redundancy and Controllability.
- Flexibility provides for the ability to change data flow in the network and share devices (like cameras and sensors) between domains, processors and other shared resources (e.g., storage).
- Scalability of both software and hardware is needed to support new applications and features. Software updates to the originally installed processors and ECUs usually require changes in the network’s routing of data and controls. Hardware can be also modified over time in the car, and in many cases, adaptations to the network may be required to support new speeds and Quality of Service (QoS), for the new hardware.
- Redundancy, not only in mission-critical processors but also in data paths between the devices, safeguards the network. Switching and multi-data paths can also assist load balancing in the backbone of the in-vehicle network.
- Controllability, diagnostic and real-time debugging of all links in the car provides real-time self-diagnosis and fault management, such as channel quality, link marginality/degradation, and EMC vulnerability, by leveraging of the Ethernet’s Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) protocol. With advanced, AI/ML based data processing, more effective prediction of network health is possible, enabling higher-level safety goals and significant economic benefits.
In-vehicle SDN is the mechanism that provide the ability to modify and adapt these attributes in SDV. SDN is a technology that uses application programming interfaces (APIs) to communicate with underlying hardware infrastructure, like switches and bridges, and provisions traffic flow in a network. The In-Vehicle SDN allows the separation of control and data planes and brings network programmability to the realm of advanced data forwarding mechanisms in automotive networks.
Cameras and the Ethernet Edge
To realize the full capability of in-vehicle SDN, most devices in the car will need to be connected via Ethernet. In today’s advanced car architectures, the backbone of the high-speed links is all Ethernet. However, camera interfaces are still based on old proprietary point-to-point Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) technology. Newer technologies (like MIPI’s A-PHY and ASA) are under development to replace LVDS, but these are still point-to-point solutions. In this blog we refer to all of these solutions as P2PP (Point-to-Point Protocol). In Figure 2, we show an example of a typical zonal car network with the focus on two domains that use the camera sensors: ADAS and Infotainment.
Figure 2 – Zonal network architecture with point-to-point camera links
While most of the ECUs / Sensors / Devices are connected through (and leverage the benefits of) the zonal backbone, cameras are still connected directly (point-to-point) to the processors. Cameras cannot be shared in a simple manner between the two domains (ADAS and IVI), that in many cases are in separate boxes. There is no scalability in this rigid connectivity. Redundancy is also very limited, since the cameras are connected directly to a processor, and any malfunction in this processor might result in lost connection to the cameras.
One potential “solution” for this is to connect the cameras to the zonal switches via P2PP, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 – Zonal network architecture with point-to-point camera links to Zonal switch
This proposal solves only a few of the problems mentioned above but comes at a high cost. To support this configuration the system always needs a dedicated Demux chip, as showed in Figure 4, that converts the P2PP back to camera interface. In addition, to support this configuration, the Zonal switches need a dedicated video interface, like MIPI D-PHY. This interface requires 12 pins per camera (4 pairs for data, 1 pair for clock and 1 pair for control (I2C or SPI)). This adds complexity and many dedicated pins which increases system cost. Another option is to use an external Demux-switch (on top of the Zonal switch) to aggregate multiple P2PP lanes, which is expensive.
Integration of any of these protocols into the Zonal switch is also highly unlikely, since it requires dedicated, non-Ethernet ports on the switch. In addition, no one will consider integration of proprietary or new and non-matured technologies into switches or SoCs.
Figure 4 – Camera P2PP Bridge in Zonal Architecture
Next is controllability, diagnostics and real-time debugging that do not work over the P2PP links in the same simple and standard way they work over Ethernet. This limits the leverage of existing Ethernet-based SW utilities that are used to access, monitor and debug all Ethernet-based ECUs, devices and sensors in the vehicle.
Ethernet Camera Bridge
The right solution for all of these issues is to convert the camera-video to Ethernet – at the edge. A simple bridge device that connects to the camera module and encapsulates the video over Ethernet packets is all it takes, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 – Ethernet Camera Bridge in Zonal Architecture
Since the in-vehicle Ethernet network is Layer 2 (L2)-based, the encapsulation of camera video over Ethernet requires a simple, hard-coded (meaning no SW) MAC block in the bridge device. Figure 6 shows a network that utilizes such bridge devices.
Figure 6 – Zonal architecture with Ethernet End-to-End
The biggest advantage of the Ethernet camera bridge is that it leverages the robustness and maturity of the Ethernet standard. For the Ethernet bridge PHY it means a proven technology (2.5G/5G/10GBASE-T1 and soon 25GBASE-T1) with a very strong ecosystem of cables, connectors, and test facilities (compliance, interoperability, EMC, etc.) that have been accepted by the automotive industry for many years.
But this is only the tip of the iceberg. Once the underlying technology for the camera interface is Ethernet, these links automatically gain access to all the other IEEE Ethernet standards, like:
- Switching and virtualization - IEEE 802.1
- Security – authentication and encryption – IEEE 802.1AE MACsec
- Time-Synchronization over network – IEEE PTP 1588
- Power over cable – IEEE PoDL 802.3bu
- Audio/Video Bridging – IEEE 802.1 AVB/TSN
- Asymmetrical transmission, using Energy Efficient Ethernet protocol – IEEE 802.3az
- Support for all topologies: Mesh, star, ring, daisy-chain, point-to-point
These important features for automotive networks are covered in a previous Marvell blog called, “Ethernet Advanced Features for Automotive Applications.”
The Ethernet End-to-End with Ethernet camera bridges supports all four key attributes (described in Figure 1) that are required for reliable software-defined car operation: Cameras can easily be shared among domains. Software and hardware can be easily modified independently and scaled all the way up to the camera and sensors. No special video interfaces are needed in the zonal switch – the camera Ethernet link is connected to a standard Ethernet port on the switch, and can be routed on multiple paths, for redundancy. This approach offers the full support of controllability, diagnostic and real-time debugging of the camera links using standard Ethernet utilities that are used in the rest of the in-vehicle network.
So, what’s next? As camera resolutions and refresh rates increase, camera links will need to support future data rates that climb beyond 10Gbps. To support this trend, the IEEE P802.3cy Greater than 10 Gb/s Electrical Automotive Ethernet PHY Task Force is already in the process of defining a standard for 25Gbps automotive PHY. Therefore, we can expect the vehicle backbone as well as Camera Ethernet bridges of up to 25Gbps to be inevitable in the future, and with them, a plethora of even more compelling smart car apps.
Marvell Product Roadmap for Automotive
To help support these new initiatives in automotive technology application and design, Marvell announced the industry’s first multi-gig Ethernet camera bridge solution.
As shown by these announcements, Marvell continues to drive innovation in networking and compute solutions for automotive applications. The Marvell automotive roadmap includes managed Ethernet switches that support the Trusted Boot® feature to enable over-the-air upload of new system configurations, to enable new applications. Marvell custom compute products for automotive are designed in advanced process nodes and leverage Marvell’s IP portfolio of high-performance multi-core processors, end-to-end security and high-speed PHY and SerDes technologies.
To learn more about how Marvell is committed to enabling smarter, safer and greener vehicles with its innovative, end-to-end portfolio of Brightlane™ automotive solutions, check out: https://www.marvell.com/products/automotive.html.
The next blogs in this series will discuss some of the characteristics of SDN-on-wheels, central compute in future vehicles, security structure for vehicle-to-cloud connectivity, in-vehicle-network for infotainment and other exciting developments that enable the future of software-defined vehicle.
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April 29, 2021
By Amir Bar-Niv, VP of Marketing, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell
In the classic 1980s “Back to the Future” movie trilogy, Doc Brown – inventor of the DeLorean time machine – declares that "your future is whatever you make it, so make it a good one.” At Marvell, engineers are doing just that by accelerating automotive Ethernet capabilities: Earlier this week, Marvell announced the latest addition to its automotive products portfolio – the 88Q4346 802.3ch-based multi-gig automotive Ethernet PHY.
This technology addresses three emerging automotive trends requiring multi-gig Ethernet speeds, including:
- The increasing integration of high-resolution cameras and sensors
- Growing utilization of powerful 5G networks
- The rise of Zonal Architecture in car design
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January 29, 2021
By Amir Bar-Niv, VP of Marketing, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell and John Bergen, Sr. Product Marketing Manager, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell
Some one hundred-and-sixty years later, as Marvell and its competitors race to reinvent the world’s transportation networks, universal design standards are more important than ever. Recently, Marvell’s 88Q5050 Ethernet Device Bridge became the first of its type in the automotive industry to receive Avnu certification, meeting exacting new technical standards that facilitate the exchange of information between diverse in-car networks, which enable today’s data-dependent vehicles to operate smoothly, safely and reliably.
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October 07, 2020
By Amir Bar-Niv, VP of Marketing, Automotive Business Unit, Marvell
The roots of Ethernet technology began in 1973, when Bob Metcalfe, a researcher at Xerox Research Center (who later founded 3COM), wrote a memo entitled “Alto Ethernet,” which described how to connect computers over short-distance copper cable. With the explosion of PC-based Local Area Networks (LAN) in businesses and corporations in the 1980s, the growth of client/server LAN architectures continued, and Ethernet started to become the connectivity technology of choice for these networks. However, the Ethernet advancement that made it the most successful networking technology ever was when standardization efforts began for it under the IEEE 802.3 group.
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2018 年 5 月 31 日
为什么 802.11ax 对于联网汽车而言“必不可少”？
By Avinash Ghirnikar
设想一下这样的场景，您正驾驶着全新的联网汽车穿梭在繁忙的城市道路中，而这辆互联汽车在行驶过程中不断“学习”，变得更加智能、安全和可靠。 这样的汽车会不断收集和生成各种数据，并不时寻找机会将这些数据上传至云端。 随着越来越多具备先进无线联网功能的车辆上路，这种激动人心的未来将变成平凡的日常生活。 然而，每辆车都有可能需要与其附近出现的数百辆汽车共享网络。这种使用情况有可能依赖于 LTE/5G 蜂窝技术，其成本与所采用的该类“授权管道”紧密相关，而此管道的费用非常昂贵。 在这种情况下，新款 Wi-Fi® 标准 802.11ax，也称为 高效率无线 (HEW)，即会成为汽车电子行业的救命稻草。 配备众多传感器的汽车在未来将要产生的泽字节数据，都将需要上传至云端和数据中心，实现下一代的机器学习，从而使车辆驾驶在未来愈加安全和可预测。 当然，上传这些数据需要安全可靠地完成。
The car - as an 802.11ax station (STA) - will also be to able upload data to an 802.11ax access point (AP) in the most challenging of wireless environments while sharing the network with other clients. 802.11ax 系统将能够通过诸如 MU-MIMO 和 OFDMA （允许空间、频率和时间重用）等新技术来实现上述功能，这些技术是 802.11ax 新标准的一部分创新内容。 今天，STA 领域内互相竞争，其视线并未聚焦于有效分享网络以及不得不面对的等待连接中可怕的“死亡循环”。 这是因为当今的无线标准由于持续的竞争，经常会陷入“不成功则成仁”的二进制运行模式。 而当与其他如 802.11ai（尤其是快速初始链路建立 (FILS)）等新兴标准相结合时，这种新型汽车通过 Wi-Fi 将数据上传至云端将变为现实，即使是在汽车移动过程中以及可能在 AP 间不断跳转的环境下也是如此。这种“引擎盖下”的上传使用情况，从基础设施角度来看，因 802.11ax 标准而得到大幅增强，同时将软件和固件下载到联网汽车中的情况也可能因同样的标准而发生转变。 众所周知，各型号车辆中处理器和电子控制单元 (ECU) 的数量预计将大幅增加。 这反过来又意味着汽车中的软件/固件内容同样将以指数速度增长， 这将需要周期性的空中固件 (FOTA) 升级，因此拥有可靠、强劲的机制以对此提供支持，对汽车制造商而言至关重要，将有可能为其在服务成本等方面节省数百万美元。 这就是当今时代创新和技术变革的节奏，这种变革机制可能在汽车脱离生产线的下一秒就发挥作用。以汽车厂商工厂外的停车场为例，其中或许有数百辆全新汽车需要更新一些软件。 对于这种情况，802.11ax 亦大有帮助，可以更加有效和可靠的进行批量更新。 此一优势将更进一步在每辆车的整个使用寿命中发挥作用，因为没人知道这些车辆将遇到何种类型的无线网络连接环境。 这些有可能是非常具有挑战的环境，例如车库、行车道，甚至有可能是多层停车场。 802.11ax 所提供的的调制增强功能，与 MU-MIMO 和 OFDMA 特性相配合，将确保非常高效可靠的 Wi-Fi 管道对此关键功能随时可用。 考虑到车辆在近十年的时间内将需要经常上路，在初期即为车辆加载此功能将具有很大优势，并将节省大量成本。 再次重申，随附的低能耗 Wake on Bluetooth® 和远程低能耗蓝牙等功能，也将发挥关键作用，从整体端到端系统立场确保实现此使用情况。这两种基础设施类型使用情况将为联网汽车带来非常高的附加值，并将证实装备 802.11ax 的必要性，尤其是从汽车制造商的视角而言。 甚至消费者也可以在他们的汽车仪表盘上看到自己获取的巨大利益，信息娱乐系统中的移动 AP 将可以无缝连接他们的最新款智能手机设备（这些设备将在 2019 时间段内实现自带支持 802.11ax）。 有了 802.11ax 额外 30-40% 的吞吐量提升（以及此标准所具备的对以往此类使用情况所应用 Wi-Fi 标准的后向兼容协同共存特性），如无线 Apple CarPlay®、无线 Android Auto™ 投射、后座娱乐、无线摄像头等使用情况都将是小菜一碟。 同在家中一样，车载 Wi-Fi 端点的数量也在不断激增。 802.11ax 标准是一款设计完善的通路，支持不断增长的端点数量，同时能提供最佳用户体验。802.11ax 的 Release 1 版本（又名Wave 1）正在准备通过 Wi-Fi 联盟于2019年下半年发布， Products are already being sampled by silicon vendors - both on the AP and STA/mobile AP side - and interoperability testing is well underway. 对于原始设备制造商及其一级供应商的所有无线系统设计人员来说，802.11ax Wi-Fi 标准应该是一个他们非常期盼的目标，尤其是针对 2020 年及以后的任何产品发布， 是时候准备迎接 802.11ax 基础设施的到来，为此开始前瞻性开发了。 智能手机/家庭/企业及车载无线技术分属不同级别的时代已经一去不复返了。 消费者现在想要他们的车辆成为家庭/工作环境的延伸，并需要这些居住空间协同运作。 802.11ax 注定要成为实现这一愿景的关键技术支柱之一。自 2011 年车载 Wi-Fi/蓝牙组合设备出现以来，Marvell 一直是汽车电子市场此类设备设计方面的先驱。 随着近十年前实质性开发的启动，通过与 OEM、第 1 级和第 2 级的紧密合作，Marvell 汽车电子无线产品系列经过精心打磨，已经满足了超过五代产品的关键使用情况需求。 支持上述各种应用所需的所有技术都已被集成到 Marvell 第五代芯片中。 Coupled with Marvell’s offering for enterprise class, high-performance APs, Marvell remains committed to providing the automobile industry and car buyers with the best wireless connectivity experience -- encompassing use cases inside and outside of the car today, and well into the future.
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January 11, 2018
以太网为车载网络带来根本性变革
By By Christopher Mash, Senior Director of Automotive Applications & Architecture, Marvell
目前汽车中采用的车载网络是基于几种不同数据网络协议的组合，其中一些已经使用了几十年。 第一种叫作控制器局域网 (CAN)，主要负责动力总成和其他相关功能；第二种是本地互联网络 (LIN)，主要用于对时间不敏感（如气候控制、环境照明、座椅调整等）的乘客和驾驶员舒适性用途；第三种是针对信息娱乐系统开发的面向媒体的系统传输 (MOST)；第四种是用于防抱死制动 (ABS)、电子助力转向 (EPS) 和车辆稳定功能的 FlexRay™。
由于采用了不同的协议，需要使用网关在网络设施中传输数据， 由此产生的复杂性也增加了汽车厂商的制造成本， 每个网络所需的布线也增加了车辆的重量，进而会影响车辆的燃油经济性。 对于一辆汽车而言，布线的重量在整车中的占比仅次于发动机和底盘之后，名列第三；同样在成本方面，布线成本占总成本比例，也是第三位。 此外，这些网关也存在延迟问题，势必会影响到需要快速响应的安全关键型应用。
另一方面，汽车中的电子控制单元 (ECU) 数量在不断增加，目前豪华车型通常拥有 150 甚至更多个 ECU，甚至标准车型也拥有近 80～90 个 ECU。 与此同时，随着人们不断追逐更高级的汽车自动驾驶性能，数据密集型应用也在不断出现，以支持高级驾驶员辅助系统 (ADAS) 的实施。 所有这些都导致数据速率和整体带宽的显著提高，同时伴随高清摄像头和激光雷达技术的部署使用。
因此，对于目前车载网络的改进从整体技术来讲，需要的是一个根本性的改变。首先是所使用的拓扑结构，其次是它所依赖的底层技术。
目前，汽车内部的网络基础设施是基于域的架构。 There are different domains for each key function - one for body control, one for infotainment, one for telematics, one for powertrain, and so on. 一般这些域会使用不同类型相混合的网络协议（例如遵守 CAN、LIN 和其他相关协议）。
随着网络复杂性的不断提高，汽车工程师越来越清楚地认识到，这种不同的域使用不同协议的方法效率越来越低。 因此，在未来几年中，将需要从目前基于域的体系架构转向区域 (zonal) 架构。
区域架构实施方案可以使来自不同传统领域的数据，依据车辆中 ECU 的位置（区域）连接到同一个 ECU。 This arrangement will greatly reduce the wire harnessing required, thereby lowering weight and cost - which in turn will translate into better fuel efficiency. 以太网技术将成为中坚力量，推动车辆向基于区域的车载网络不断发展。
以太网技术除了能够支持高数据速率之外，还同时支持广受认可的 OSI 通信模型。 以太网作为一种稳定、历史悠久、且广为人知的技术，已经在数据通信和工业自动化领域得到广泛应用。 与其他车载网络协议不同，以太网明确定义了面向更高速度等级的发展路线图，而 CAN、LIN 等协议却已经是某些应用发展的瓶颈，而且也没有明确的升级路径来缓解问题。
展望未来，以太网技术将成为汽车所有数据传输的基础，通过提供一个共同的协议栈，减少不同协议之间对于网关的需求（以及硬件和相关的软件成本）。 结果将是整个车辆采用单一的同构网络，其中所有的协议和数据格式都是一致的。 这意味着，车载网络将可以扩展，从而实现一些要求更高速度（例如 10G）和更低延迟的功能，同时兼顾满足低速功能的需求。 Ethernet PHYs will be selected according to the particular application and bandwidth demands - whether it is a 1Gbps device for transporting imaging sensing data, or one for 10Mbps operation, as required for the new class of low data rate sensors that will be used in autonomous driving.
区域架构中的每个以太网交换机将能够为所有不同的域中的活动传送数据， 所有不同的数据域都将连接到本地交换机，再通过以太网骨干网聚合数据，从而更有效地使用已有的资源，以相同的核心协议，在需要时支持不同的速度。 这个同构网络将在车内提供“任何地点的任何数据”，还可以通过整合来自网络中不同域的数据来支持新的应用。
目前，在基于以太网的车载网络和车辆区域架构的发展方面，Marvell 处于佼佼者地位。2017年夏季，Marvell 推出了面向汽车市场并符合 AEC-Q100 标准的 88Q5050 安全千兆以太网交换机。 该设备不仅能够处理与标准以太网实施密切相关的 OSI Layers 1-2（物理层和数据层）功能，还具有位于 OSI Layers 3,4 及以上（网络层、传输层和更高层）的深度包检测 (DPI) 等其他功能。 这些与可信引导 (Trusted Boot) 功能相结合，可为汽车网络架构师提供对于确保网络安全至关重要的功能。
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January 10, 2018
Marvell 利用 Pixeom Edge 平台将 Google 云扩展至网络前沿，在 CES 2018 上证实了其出众的计算能力
作者：Maen Suleiman，Marvell 软件产品线高级经理
随着越来越多的计算和存储服务融入云环境，千兆级别网络的采用和下一代 5G 网络的推出将进一步提供更大的可用带宽。 连接到网络的物联网和移动设备应用程序将随之变得越来越智能，计算能力更加强大， 但是这么多资源同时传输到云端，势必给当今的网络造成巨大的压力。
下一代网络架构将无法继续遵循传统的云端集中模式，而是需要在整个网络基础设施中分配更多的智能。 高性能计算硬件（以及相关软件）将需要置于网络的边缘。 分布式运行模式需要能够提供边缘设备所需的计算和安全功能，以便为汽车、虚拟现实和工业计算等应用，提供具有吸引力的实时服务，并克服固有的延迟问题。 除此之外，也需要对高分辨率视频和音频内容进行分析。
通过其高性能的 ARMADA® 嵌入式处理器，Marvell 提供了高效的解决方案，以促进边缘计算的实施。 在上周的 2018 年国际消费电子展 (CES) 上，Marvell 和 Pixeom 团队展示了一个非常有效，但价格经济的边缘计算系统，该系统结合了 Marvell MACCHIATObin 社区开发板与 Pixeom 公司的技术，扩展了 Google Cloud Platform™ 服务在网络边缘的功能。 Marvell MACCHIATObin 社区开发板运行 Pixeom Edge Platform（边缘平台）软件，能够通过在 MACCHIATObin 上编排和运行基于容器 Docker 的微服务来扩展云功能。
目前，将数据量庞大、高分辨率的视频内容传输到云端进行分析，对网络基础设施带来了很大的压力，既需要投入大量资源，成本也非常昂贵。 采用 Marvell 公司的 MACCHIATObin 硬件作为基础，Pixeom 将展示其基于容器的边缘计算解决方案，能够在网络边缘提供视频分析功能。 这种独特的硬件和软件结合提供了一种高度优化和直接的方式，使更多的处理和存储资源处于网络边缘。 该技术可以显著提高运营效率并降低延迟。
Marvell 和 Pixeom 的展示在网络边缘部署了 Google TensorFlow™ 微服务，能够实现各种不同的关键功能，包括物体检测、面部识别、文本阅读（名片、牌照等），以及用于安全/安全警报的智能通知等。 这项技术还能够涵盖从视频监控、自动驾驶汽车到智能零售和人工智能等各种潜在应用。 Pixeom 提供了完备的边缘计算解决方案，让云服务供应商能够大规模封装、部署和编排容器化的应用程序，运行本地部署“边缘物联网内核”。 为了加快开发速度，内核自带内置机器学习、FaaS、数据处理、信息传送、API 管理、分析、向 Google Cloud 分流能力等多种功能。
MACCHIATObin 社区开发板的核心是 Marvell 的 ARMADA 8040 处理器，该处理器具有 64 位 ARMv8 四核处理器（运行频率高达 2.0Ghz），支持高达 16GB 的 DDR4 内存和多种不同的 I / O。 通过在 Marvell MACCHIATObin 板上使用 Linux®，多功能的 Pixeom Edge 物联网平台可以促进在云网络外围实现边缘计算服务器或微云 (cloudlets)， Marvell 将展示这款备受欢迎的硬件平台的强劲实力，作为 Pixeom 展示产品的重要组成部分，运行先进的机器学习、数据处理和物联网功能。 Pixeom Edge 物联网平台采用基于角色的访问功能，能够让处于不同地理位置的开发人员相互协作，以创建引人注目的边缘计算实现方案。 Pixeom 可以提供必要的所有边缘计算支持，能够让 Marvell 嵌入式处理器用户建立自己基于边缘的应用，从而可以减轻中心网络的负载。
Marvell 还会展示其技术与 Google Cloud 平台的兼容性，从而能够对大规模部署完毕的边缘计算资源进行管理和分析。 因此，MACCHIATObin 开发板再一次证明能够提供工程师需要的硬件资源，并可为他们提供所有必要的处理、存储和连接功能。Those visiting Marvell’s suite at CES (Venetian, Level 3 - Murano 3304, 9th-12th January 2018, Las Vegas) will be able to see a series of different demonstrations of the MACCHIATObin community board running cloud workloads at the network edge. 欢迎到场参观！
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January 10, 2018
全球数据的传输
作者：Marvell 公关团队
有线和无线连接传输数据的方式正在发生重大转变， 而导致这些变化的原因来自于不同行业的多个层面。
在汽车领域，随着新特性和新功能的引入，基于 CAN 和 LIN 的传统通信技术已经不足以满足需求。 我们必须部署更先进的车载网络，能够支持千兆位级的数据速率，这样才能处理由高清摄像头、更精密的信息娱乐系统、汽车雷达和 LiDAR 生成的大量数据。 With CAN, LIN and other automotive networking technologies not offering viable upgrade paths, it is clear that Ethernet will be the basis of future in-vehicle network infrastructure - offering the headroom needed as automobile design progresses towards the long term goal of fully autonomous vehicles. Marvell 在这场博弈中已经占据了领先位置，公司发布了业界首款安全车载千兆以太网交换机，提供当今汽车高数据负载设计所需的速度，同时还确保安全运行，减少黑客攻击或拒绝服务 (DoS) 攻击的威胁。
随着工业 4.0 的到来，在现代工厂和加工厂环境中，我们将通过使用机器对机器 (M2M) 通信，进一步提升自动化程度。 这种通信能够实现数据访问，这些数据是由分布在生产现场的大量不同传感器节点提供。 对这些数据进行长期深入分析，最终将提高现代工厂环境的效率和生产率。 能够支持千兆数据速率的以太网经过考验已成为主要候选技术，并已得到广泛部署。 它不仅能够满足速度和带宽要求，具备在各种环境条件下（例如高温、静电放电、振动）必需的稳定性，还提供低延迟特性，这种特性对于实时控制/分析是必不可少的。 Marvell 开发了非常精密的千兆以太网收发器，主要针对此类应用，性能更加出色。
在数据中心，情况也在发生着变化，但在这种场景下，涉及的原则有些不同。 数据中心更加侧重于如何处理更大的数据量，同时控制相关的资本和运营开支。 Marvell has been championing a more cost effective and streamlined approach through its Prestera® PX Passive Intelligent Port Extender (PIPE) products. 当今的数据中心工程师采用了模块化方法，以部署能够满足其特定需求的网络基础设施，而无需提高不必要的复杂性，避免增加成本和功耗。 由此设计出的解决方案具有充分可扩展性，不仅更加经济实惠，而且能效更低。
In the wireless domain, there is ever greater pressure being placed upon WLAN hardware - in the home, office, municipal and retail environments. 随着用户密度增大，整体数据容量随之增加，网络运营商和服务提供商必须能够适应目前在用户行为方面发生的变化。 Wi-Fi 连接的用途不再限于下载数据，还更多地用于上传数据，这将是个重要的考虑因素。 很多不同应用都将需要数据上传，包括增强现实游戏、高清视频内容共享和基于云的创新活动等。 为了满足这种需求，Wi-Fi 技术必须在上行链路和下行链路上都展现出增强的带宽容量。
倍受期待的 802.11ax 协议的推出必将全盘改变 Wi-Fi 技术的实施方式。 Not only will this allow far greater user densities to be supported (thereby meeting the coverage demands of places where large numbers of people are in need of Internet access, such as airports, sports stadia and concert venues), it also offers greater uplink/downlink data capacity - supporting multi-Gigabit operation in both directions. Marvell 期望通过近期发布的千兆位级 802.11ax Wi-Fi 系统单晶片 (SoC)，进一步推动 Wi-Fi 技术发展，它是业界首款可在上行链路和下行链路上都提供正交频分多址接入 (OFDMA) 和多用户 MIMO 运行的产品。
欲了解有关 Marvell 产品如何应对全球数据传输激增的更多信息，请访问 www.marvell.com。 -
October 20, 2017
以太网在汽车领域应用的长期展望
作者：Tim Lau，Marvell 汽车产品管理高级总监
汽车领域正在遭遇自 150 年前内燃机发明以来技术进步历程中非常深刻的一场变革。 自动化程度的日益提高将会改变我们对汽车和乘车出行的看法。 It won't be just a matter of getting from point A to point B while doing very little else -- we will be able to keep on doing what we want while in the process of getting there.
As it is, the modern car already incorporates large quantities of complex electronics - making sure the ride is comfortable, the engine runs smoothly and efficiently, and providing infotainment for the driver and passengers. 此外，在我们目前开始购买的汽车中，融合的特性和功能也不再是固定不变的。 It is increasingly common for engine control and infotainment systems to require updates over the course of the vehicle's operational lifespan.
事实证明，此类更新对以太网连接最初应用于汽车领域很有帮助。 宝马和大众等汽车先进品牌发现，通过将小型以太网装置安装到汽车底盘中，取代虽然成熟但速度慢得多的控制器局域网络 (CAN) 总线，可以显著提高服务中心机修工执行上传的速度。 因此，传输时间从几小时缩短到了几分钟。
随着越来越多的可升级电子控制单元 (ECU) 不断涌现，对现有的车载网络技术产生了更大的压力，以太网网络本身也随之扩展。 与之相对应，半导体行业已开发出解决方案并随之制定了网络标准，其最初的开发目的是用于相对来说电动原件很少的办公室环境，而如今其功能更强，更能满足汽车制造商的严格要求。 The CAN and Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST) buses have persisted as the main carriers of real-time information for in-vehicle electronics - although, now, they are beginning to fade as Ethernet evolves into a role as the primary network inside the car, being used for both real-time communications and updating tasks.
在这个环境中，所采用技术的重量要求非常严格，重量越轻越能节省燃料，在单个网络中完成通讯任务的能力（尤其若设备只需一对重量相对更轻的铜线）具有非常大大的运行优势。 另外，保持连接器足迹更小也是这种背景下至关重要的一点，更便于增加传感器的部署数量（例如摄像头、雷达和 LiDAR 收发器），现在这些设备已经装满整个车身，用于驾驶辅助/半自动驾驶。 采用非屏蔽的双绞线有助于实现这个目标。
图像传感、雷达和 LiDAR 功能都会生成大量的数据。 因此，数据传输能力在目前和今后都将是车载以太网网络的一大关键要素。 汽车行业对此做出快速响应，首先提供 100 Mbit/s 的收发器，后续又推出功能更强大且符合标准的 1000 Mbit/s 产品。
但是，仅提供更大带宽还是不够。 为了让汽车制造商无需牺牲必要的即时性能，实现可靠的控制，相关国际标准委员会已经制定了协议，确保数据的及时传输。 时效性网路 (TNS) 让应用能够使用虚拟通道上的保留带宽，以便确保在可预测的时间期限内完成传输。 不太重要的流量则可利用常规以太网的优化服务，使用剩余的未保留带宽。
行业内包括 Marvell 在内的一些更具前瞻性思维的半导体供应商，已经通过在车载优化以太网交换机中增加深度包检测 (DPI) 等功能，采用三元内容可寻址存储器 (TCAM) 等设备进一步提高即时性能。 借助 DPI 机制，硬件能够在每个数据包到达交换机输入端时对其进行深入检测，即时决定如何处理该消息。 包检测技术通过捕捉某种类型的消息支持实时调试功能，并通过避免处理器的干扰显著降低部署过程中的应用程序延迟。
远程管理帧支持也是汽车以太网领域的另一个具有重大意义的协议创新。 这些帧让系统控制器能够直接控制交换机状态。 For example, a system controller can automatically power down I/O ports when they are not needed - a feature that preserves precious battery life.
对于核心以太网标准的调试，及其恢复能力的提高，促进更多功能组不断增加，进一步推动汽车技术的变革，将汽车从一种简单的运输方式，转变为未来设想中数据丰富的自主移动平台。
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August 02, 2017
无线技术注定要引发汽车行业的变革
By Avinash Ghirnikar, Director of Technical Marketing of Connectivity Business Group, Marvell
In the early 1980s, Renault made it possible to lock and unlock the doors on its Fuego model utilizing a radio transmitter. Within a decade, other vehicle manufacturers embraced the idea of remote key-less entry and not long after that it became a standard feature.
But the industry swiftly moved to RF technology, in order to make it easier to use. Although each manufacturer favored its own protocol and coding system, they adopted standard low-power RF frequency bands, such as 315 MHz in the US and 433 MHz in Europe. As concerns about theft emerged, they incorporated encryption and other security features to fend off potential attacks. They have further refreshed this technology as new threats appeared, as well as adding features such as proximity detection to remove the need to even press the key-fob remote's button.
With Bluetooth, an app on the user's smartphone can not only unlock the car doors, but also handle tasks such as starting the heater or air-conditioning to make the vehicle comfortable ready for when the driver and passengers actually get in.
Access to the functions located on dashboard through Bluetooth has made it possible for vehicle occupants to hook up their phone handsets easily. Initially, it was to support legal phone calls through hands-free operation without forcing the owner to buy and install a permanent phone in the vehicle itself. But the wireless connection is just as good at relaying high-quality audio so that the passengers can listen to their favorite music (stored on portable devices). We have clearly move a long way from the CD auto-changer located in the trunk. Bluetooth is a prime example of the way in which RF technology, once in place, can support many different applications - with plenty of potential for use cases that have not yet been considered. Through use of a suitable relay device in the car, Bluetooth also provides the means by which to send vehicle diagnostics information to relevant smartphone apps.
Wi-Fi is able to provide a more robust data pipe, thus enabling even richer applications and a tighter integration with smartphone handsets. One use case that seems destined to change the cockpit experience for users is the emergence of screen projection technologies. Through the introduction of such mechanisms it will be possible to create a seamless transition for drivers from their smartphones to their cars.
If a pothole opens up or cars have to break suddenly to avoid an obstacle, they can send out wireless messages to nearby vehicles to let them know about the situation.
IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) operates in the 5.9 GHz region of the RF spectrum, and is capable of supporting data rates of up to 27 Mbit/s. One of the key additions for transportation is scheduling feature that let vehicles share access to wireless channels based on time.
On a freeway, the relative velocity of an approaching transmitter can exceed 150 mph. Such a transmitter may be in range for only a few seconds at most, making ultra-low latency crucial.
Traffic signals, for example, can let vehicles know when they are likely to change state. Vehicles leaving the junction can relay that data to approaching cars, which may slow down in response. By slowing down, they avoid the need to stop at a red signal - and thereby cross just as it is turning to green. The overall effect is a significant saving in fuel, as well as less wear and tear on the brakes. In the future, such wireless-enabled signals will make it possible improve the flow of autonomous vehicles considerably.
Pedestrians and cyclists may signal their presence on the road with the help of their own Bluetooth devices. The messages picked up by passing vehicles can be relayed using V2V communications over WAVE to extend the range of the warnings. Roadside beacons using Bluetooth technology can pass on information about local points of interest - and this can be provide to passengers who can subsequently look up more details on the Internet using the vehicle's built-in Wi-Fi hotspot.
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August 02, 2017
连接技术将驱动未来汽车的不断升级
By Avinash Ghirnikar, Director of Technical Marketing of Connectivity Business Group, Marvell
Without the ability to download and program devices quickly, the car could potentially become unusable for hours at a time.
The same Ethernet backbone is proving just as essential for day-to-day use. The network provides high resolution, real-time data from cameras, LiDAR, radar, tire pressure monitors and various other sensors fitted around the body, each of which is likely to have their own dedicated microprocessor. The result is a high performance computer based on distributed intelligence.
The same wireless communication networks that provide the over-the-air updates can relay real-time information on traffic patterns in the vicinity, weather data, disruptions due to accidents and many other pieces of data that the onboard computers can then use to plan the journey and make it safer.
If the lights send out signals on their stop-go cycle approaching vehicles can use them to determine whether it is better to decelerate and arrive just in time for them to turn green instead of braking all the way to a stop. Sensors at the junction can also warn of hazards that the car then flags up to the driver. When the vehicle is able to run autonomously, it can take care of such actions itself. Similarly, cars can report to each other when they are planning to change lanes in order to leave the freeway, or when they see a slow-moving vehicle ahead and need to decelerate. The result is considerably smoother braking patterns that avoid the logjam effect we so often see on today's crowded roads.
As many computations can be offloaded to servers in the cloud, the key to unlocking advanced functionality is not wholly dependent on what is present in the car itself. The fundamental requirement is access to an effective means of communications, and that is available right now through high speed Ethernet within the vehicle plus Wi-Fi and V2X-compatible wireless for transfers going beyond the chassis. Both can be supplied so that they are compliant with the AEC-Q100 automotive standard - thus ensuring quality and reliability. With those tools in place, we don't need to see all the way ahead to the future.
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June 20, 2017
Autonomous Vehicles and Digital Features Make the Car of the Future a “Data Center on Wheels"
By Donna
The wireless, connectivity, storage and security technologies needed for the internal and external vehicle communications in cars today and in the future, leverage technologies used in a data center—in fact, you could say the automobile is becoming—a Data Center on Wheels. Here are some interesting data points supporting the evolution of the Data Center on Wheels:- The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) mandates that by May 2018, all new cars in the U.S. to have backup cameras. The agency reports that half of all new vehicles sold today already have backup cameras, showing widespread acceptance even without the NHTSA mandate.
- Some luxury brands provide panoramic 360-degree surround views using multiple cameras. NVIDIA, which made its claim to fame in graphics processing chips for computers and video games, is a leading provider in the backup and surround view digital platforms, translating its digital expertise into the hottest of new vehicle trends. At the latest 2017 International CES, NVIDIA showcased its latest NVIDIA PX2, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Car Computer for Self-Driving Vehicles, which enables automakers and their tier 1 suppliers to accelerate production of automated and autonomous vehicles.
- According to an Intel presentation at CES reported in Network World, just one autonomous car will use 4,000GB (or 4 Terabytes) of data per day.
- A January study by Strategy Analytics reported that by 2020, new cars are expected to have approximately 1,000 chips per vehicle.
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April 28, 2017
自动驾驶汽车面临的挑战：无人驾驶汽车的以太网带宽问题如何攻克?
By Nick Ilyadis
Each of these technologies stream information, or data, within the car, and as automotive technology evolves, more and more features will be added. But when it comes to autonomous vehicles, the amount of technology and data streams coming into the car to be processed increases exponentially. Autonomous vehicles gather multiple streams of information/data from sensors, radar, radios, IR sensors and cameras. This goes beyond the current Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS) or In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI). The autonomous car will be acutely aware of its surroundings running sophisticated algorithms that will make decisions in order to drive the vehicle. However, self-driving cars will also be processing vehicle-to-vehicle communications, as well as connecting to a number of external devices that will be installed in the highway of the future, as automotive communication infrastructures develop. Start the car; drive; turn; red light, stop; - PEDESTRIAN - BRAKE!
Add to the driving functions the simultaneous infotainment streams for each passenger, vehicle Internet capabilities, etc. and the current 100 megabits-per-second (mbps) 100BASE-T1 Ethernet bandwidth used in automotive, is quickly strained. This is paving the way (pun intended) for 1000BASE-T1 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) for automotive networks. Ethernet has long been the economical volume workhorse with millions of miles of cabling in buildings the world over. Therefore, the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Working Group has endorsed iGbE as the next network bandwidth standard in automotive.
From Car-jacking to Car-hacking—Security Critical
This is why companies like Marvell, have taken a leadership role with organizations like IEEE to help create open standards, such as GbE for automotive, to keep moving automotive technologies forward. (See IEEE 2014 Automotive Day presentation by Alex Tan on the Benefits of Designing 1000BASE-T1 into Automotive Architectures http://standards.ieee.org/events/automotive/2014/02_Designing_1000BASE-T1_Into_Automotive_Architectures.pdf.)
Technology to Drive Next-Generation Automotive Networking
Marvell’s Automotive Ethernet Networking technology is capable of taking what used to be the separate domains of the car — infotainment, driver assist, body electronics and control — and connecting them together to provide a high-bandwidth standards-based data backbone for the vehicle. For example, the Marvell 88Q2112 is the industry’s first 1000BASE-T1 automotive Ethernet PHY transceiver compliant with the IEEE 802.3bp 1000BASE-T1 standard. The Marvell 88Q2112 supports the market’s highest in-vehicle connectivity bandwidth and is designed to meet the rigorous EMI requirements of an automotive system. The 1000BASE-T1 standard allows high-speed and bi-directional data traffic and in-vehicle uncompressed 720p30 camera video for multiple HD video streams, including 4K resolution, all over a lightweight, low-cost single pair cable. The Marvell 88Q1010 low-power PHY device supports 100BASE-T1 and compressed 1080p60 video for infotainment, data transport and camera systems. And finally to round out its automotive networking solutions, Marvell also offers a series of 7-port Ethernet switches.
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February 01, 2017
Marvell 站在当今以及未来汽车互联领域的前沿
作者：Alex Tan，Marvell 汽车解决方案部总监
The IEEE’s Ethernet standards act as the connectivity backbone to seamlessly link the different domains of the car such as infotainment and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Marvell is proud to have played an instrumental role in the development of the IEEE 802.3bp 1000BASE-T1 PHY standard which enables data between in-vehicle systems to be distributed over a flexible, low cost and high bandwidth network. In October 2015, Marvell introduced the 88Q2112 automotive Ethernet physical layer (PHY) transceiver, the industry’s first 1000BASE-T1 automotive Ethernet PHY transceiver based on the IEEE’s draft 1000BASE-T1 spec. Leveraging our advanced wireless and Ethernet technology solutions, the 1000BASE-T1 solution supports uncompressed HD video, ideal for distributing camera and sensor data in ADAS applications. In the infotainment space, gigabit Ethernet over a single unshielded twisted pair copper cable is a logical solution for transporting audio, video and voice data at a higher data rate and resolution. Marvell 的 88Q2112 PHY 收发器支持汽车制造商使用一台以太网交换机连接未来汽车中的多种高级功能。 Furthering our commitment to automotive innovation, in April 2016 we opened the Marvell Automotive Center of Excellence (ACE), a first-of-its-kind automotive networking technology development center. Located in Ettlingen, Germany, ACE aims to expand development and education efforts to advance the architecture of future connected, intelligent cars.
We showcased Marvell’s advanced auto connectivity solutions at the 2016 IEEE-SA Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day (E&IP@ATD) in Paris this past September, demonstrating how our technology supports multiple HD video streams with up to 4K resolution. Covering the exciting activities at E&IP@ATD, Tadashi Nezu of Nikkei wrote about our automotive connectivity leadership, noting that Marvell is rapidly coming to the forefront of the market. Nezu also lauded the Company for its early Ethernet development efforts, noting how Marvell quickly developed a solution compliant to the draft IEEE 802.3bp 1000BASE-T1 standard, before the specifications were even finalized.
Manfred Kunz, head of development at the ACE, spoke about automotive Ethernet security, while Christopher Mash, senior manager of automotive system architecture and field applications, co-presented with Bosch and Continental who shared their experience with the new 1000BASE-T1 technology.
The event was a success, drawing over 700 attendees, as well as speakers and exhibitors from over 20 countries.
Automotive Ethernet Congress, Munich, Germany.As automotive technological developments continue to advance rapidly and data continues to play a fundamental role in advancing the future of connected cars, we look forward to continue innovating and collaborating with our auto partners to further accelerate car connectivity.
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August 02, 2016
Marvell 推出业内初个面向汽车业的 IEEE 千兆以太网
By Anil Gercekci, Director of Technical Marketing of Automotive Solutions Group, Marvell
High-Speed Networking Becomes a Reality For Automotive
Creating New Consumer Features
Marvell First to Deliver Samples to Auto Manufacturers
With the availability of high-speed LTE networks and the thrust toward autonomous driving, car companies are working on a structured approach to high-speed data distribution to and within vehicles. Today, Gigabit Ethernet over a single pair of twisted-pair copper wire has become a reality for the automotive industry paving the way for high-speed networking within a vehicle. In November of last year, Marvell delivered the first samples based on the IEEE 1000BASE-T1 pre-standard specification for verification of performance in vehicles. The 1000BASE-T1 standard allows high-speed and bi-directional data traffic over light-weight, low-cost, single-pair cable harnesses. This enables car companies to create a whole new array of exciting automotive features and benefits. Early chip samples from Marvell allow auto makers the ability to evaluate the performance of this new standard and identify possible issues early in the application development process, prior to production, to accelerate time to market.
Industry Standards Organizations Paving the Way to Seamless Automotive Wireless Communications
历史上的诸多第一次
In 2011, Marvell was a key driver in the Call For Interest (CFI) at IEEE for an Automotive-specific Gigabit Ethernet PHY. This CFI received unanimous support (a relatively rare event in IEEE) and now the new IEEE 802.1bp standard is set to be ratified in 2016. In the meantime, Marvell has already begun sampling pre-standard parts to the industry for testing.
Will Automotive Become the Largest IT Employer In the Near Future?
The automotive industry is rapidly adopting Ethernet as a key enabler, not only for its superior price/performance, but also because it supports the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The OSI model allows for the rapid deployment of applications and services. Using this layered approach, a specific PHY technology, which met both the light weight and low EMC requirements, had to be developed that was consistent with all the existing upper layers of the OSI model. This gives the benefits of being able to leverage and reuse existing developments in layers above the PHY level. It is amazing to think that with this unprecedented potential expansion of automotive connectivity and its applications, it is conceivable that the automotive industry could become the world's largest employer of IT experts in the coming years.
More to Come
In addition to a long history of WiFi and Bluetooth combo products in automotive, Marvell is enabling WiFi technology to become part of this external connectivity by developing 802.11ai technology that allows for Fast Initial Link Setup (FILS) that provides opportunistic access to base stations whenever they become available as the car drives at high speed. In addition, 802.11p products will enable short-range wireless connectivity for collision avoidance or pedestrian/cyclist detection, applications that demand quick response and are not possible via current Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and LTE technologies. With these wireless technologies placed in the roof of the car, Ethernet plays an important role for high-speed communication to and within the vehicle. By delivering early samples based on the latest developing industry standards, Marvell is helping to “drive” new applications in automotive connectivity technology.
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May 19, 2016
Automotive Center of Excellence 在德国埃特林根隆重启动
作者：Alex Tan，Marvell 汽车解决方案部总监
Marvell's Automotive Center of Excellence, the first-of-its-kind automotive networking technology development center, recently opened in Ettlingen, Germany. 由于近几年车载技术的迅速发展，下一代汽车需要全新的架构，来运行各种各样的功能，例如完整的驾驶辅助、超高清 (HD) 显示，以及空中升级。 Marvell's objectives are to provide access to the latest innovative technologies, (link: http://www.marvell.com/solutions/automotive/), work closely with customers and partners, and drive the automotive industry forward more quickly and efficiently.
The grand opening event elicited great excitement, and Marvell was honored to welcome many distinguished guests including Wolfang Erhard, Chief of Business Development from the Mayor's office in Ettlingen; Klaus Oertel, from Hanser Automotive; Ingo Kuss, from Elektronik Automotive; and Thomas Zimmer from BNN. Marvell 汽车和多媒体业务部物联网副总裁兼总经理 Philip Poulidis 和战略分析部全球汽车业务总监 Ian Riches 发表了主题演讲。
Given Marvell's history of dedication and innovative design, the company knows that understanding advanced technologies such as, Audio Video Bridging, Time Sensitive Networking and singe pair Ethernet standards—is vital to further the connected car industry. 一个专门的工程师团队将利用自身专业知识，与 Marvell 及其客户一起扩大这些领域的开发和教育力度，进一步推进未来架构、联网汽车的发展。 该工程师团队负责包括交换机、终端节点系统级芯片、网关和汽车软件在内的车载产品。
Marvell 继续推广创新技术，推动其塑造汽车行业的未来，而且有了位于德国的 Automotive Center of Excellence，Marvell 将更有能力推进新的汽车设计和技术发展。
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2016 年 5 月 17 日
Marvell 推出业内新面世的支持车载连接器的 1000BASE-T1 开发平台，大力推进车载连接发展
作者：Alex Tan，Marvell 汽车解决方案部总监
With OEMs racing to offer connected car services, Marvell has developed a new Ethernet reference platform integrated with TE Connectivity's (TE) MATEnet modular and scalable connectors for automotive Ethernet, to enable a faster time-to-market for Gigabit Ethernet in automotive systems. 新的开发平台以 100BASE-T1 和 1000BASE-T1 以太网物理层 (PHY) 性能，支持音频桥接 (AVB) 交换机解决方案。 制造商现在可以将千兆以太网用于电子和电气架构，快速制作车载系统原型。
下一代汽车技术需要能够在汽车鲁棒状态下运行的高速、弹性数据基础设施。 自动驾驶、高级安全功能，以及沉浸式信息娱乐系统等应用程序，正在不断推进这些新架构的发展。 Combining Marvell's expertise in network and Ethernet, with TE's experience in providing real world automotive connector and cable systems, this development platform allows vehicle architects to begin designing these systems for mass production.
This new reference platform includes support for the AVB networking standards of the AVnu Alliance's certification test subgroup and also supports Stream Reservation Protocol to provide end-to-end management of resource reservations for automotive data streams. In addition, Marvell's Ethernet PHY transceivers (88Q2112 100BASE-T1 PHY and 88Q1010 100BASE-T1 PHY) enable high definition and uncompressed video, high speed links, between domains to support connected and autonomous driving systems and the fastest system bring up from power down. 更多功能和优势包括：时效性网络技术（用以支持时间先决控制应用），车对车 Wi-Fi 通信（以使用针对交通和道路状况的实时提醒来提高安全性并缩短响应时间）。 The 88Q2112 is the industry's first 1000BASE-T1 automotive Ethernet PHY transistor that is compliant with the draft IEEE 802.3bp 1000BASE-T1 standard.
Marvell's commitment to extend connectivity to the automobile includes a number of solutions to meet the needs of designers for the cars of the future.
With OEMs racing to offer connected car services, Marvell has developed a new Ethernet reference platform integrated with TE Connectivity's (TE) MATEnet modular and scalable connectors for automotive Ethernet, to enable a faster time-to-market for Gigabit Ethernet in automotive systems. 新的开发平台以 100BASE-T1 和 1000BASE-T1 以太网物理层 (PHY) 性能，支持音频桥接 (AVB) 交换机解决方案。 制造商现在可以将千兆以太网用于电子和电气架构，快速制作车载系统原型。
下一代汽车技术需要能够在汽车鲁棒状态下运行的高速、弹性数据基础设施。 自动驾驶、高级安全功能，以及沉浸式信息娱乐系统等应用程序，正在不断推进这些新架构的发展。 Combining Marvell's expertise in network and Ethernet, with TE's experience in providing real world automotive connector and cable systems, this development platform allows vehicle architects to begin designing these systems for mass production.
This new reference platform includes support for the AVB networking standards of the AVnu Alliance's certification test subgroup and also supports Stream Reservation Protocol to provide end-to-end management of resource reservations for automotive data streams. In addition, Marvell's Ethernet PHY transceivers (88Q2112 100BASE-T1 PHY and 88Q1010 100BASE-T1 PHY) enable high definition and uncompressed video, high speed links, between domains to support connected and autonomous driving systems and the fastest system bring up from power down. 更多功能和优势包括：时效性网络技术（用以支持时间先决控制应用），车对车 Wi-Fi 通信（以使用针对交通和道路状况的实时提醒来提高安全性并缩短响应时间）。 The 88Q2112 is the industry's first 1000BASE-T1 automotive Ethernet PHY transistor that is compliant with the draft IEEE 802.3bp 1000BASE-T1 standard.
Marvell's commitment to extend connectivity to the automobile includes a number of solutions to meet the needs of designers for the cars of the future.
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July 21, 2015
未来联网汽车掠影
By Alex Tan, Automotive Solutions Group, Marvell
车载集成式蓝牙和 Wi-Fi，以及用户控制台的集成应用程序，我们都不陌生； 我们也见到过 Google 的“自服务”或自动驾驶汽车原型机车队。 但一辆车可以进行自我修理？ 当物联网与联网汽车技术相遇，这只不过是众多创新中的沧海一粟。 我们将探讨连接技术会为车载信息娱乐技术带来何种翻天覆地的变化，就像智能手机改变通信技术的发展那样。
联网汽车的核心观念是要让数据在车内外随时可供使用。 例如，汽车制造商可以通过获取每辆汽车的实时数据，并在发现问题时提供修正更新，来提高汽车性能。 另外，汽车制造商正在探索使用连接技术的全新方法，让机动车更加安全，或在车辆售出后仍能持续改进功能。 特斯拉是这方面很好的范例，该公司最近推出了一项固件更新，为车辆增加了新的功能，例如自适应巡航控制和盲点探测。 想象一下，在买车之后，还能一直拥有和使用崭新的汽车功能，该有多棒。 消费者从提车那刻开始，觉得车辆越来越过时的情况一去不复返。 同时汽车制造商也可借此加强与消费者的关联。
车载内部数据网络也有大量创新变化有待发掘。 当前的系统都使用专有低速或单一目的通讯总线的组合。 而下一代架构将变成使用以太网硬件的 IP 型网络。 这允许大量数据轻松在机动车内多个域之间，及与外部设备之间相互传送。 这类数据的例子包括：来自车身电子元件的信息、控制系统命令、来自信息系统的多媒体信息，以及用于高级驾驶辅助系统 (ADAS) 的摄像头/传感器数据。 例如，来自智能手机和互联网的视频及应用程序数据可分布到车辆内部，而车辆信息和视频数据可发送至车辆外部，并以多种方式进行使用。 这方面的例子包括：将 IP 型的机动车摄像头数据、报警系统和 LTE 相结合，在警报触发时，上传车辆周围情况的照片。 或者，有了自动驾驶车辆，谁还需要代客泊车呢？ 机动车可以先让乘客下车，然后前往指定的泊车区域，等待主人从智能手机发出召唤，前来取车。 （问题： 我需要给自己的车准备小费吗？）在欧洲，一套基于 IEEE802.11P 车辆环境无线接入 (WAVE) 的车对车 (V2V) 通信标准已创建完成。 这项技术的首要目的，是在发生交通事故和拥堵的情况下，让车辆之间彼此交流，从而减少交通事故并提高交通吞吐量。 V2V 还可用于优化交通管理、收取通行费或协助交警执法。 这样的工作需要车辆广泛采用技术才能实现，并且还要解决隐私方面的问题。
这些只是车辆连接技术改变驾驶体验的其中几例。 Marvell 充分利用自身无线和以太网技术方面的优势，开发最先进的优质 AECQ100 认证车载产品和解决方案。 To see what’s coming in automotive infotainment, wired/wireless connectivity and next-generation architecture platforms, join us at the 2015 IEEE-SA Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day that will be held in Yokohama, Japan October 27-28 -- because when you see the latest in automotive connectivity semiconductor technology, you will get a glimpse of the Connected Cars of the future.
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